Recent Advances in the Preparation and Performance of Porous Titanium-Based Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are among the most cost-effective and environmentally benign electrical energy storage devices required to match needs of commercialized stationary automotive applications. Because its excellent chemical characteristics, infinite abundance, low cost, SIB is an technology for grid compared with others. When used as anodes, titanium compounds based on Ti4+/Ti3+ redox couple have a potential typically 0.5–1.0 V, which far from dangerous sodium plating (0.0–0.1 V). This ensures operational safety large-scale SIBs. Low lattice strain, usually associated Ti-based materials, also helpful longevity cycling Numerous anode materials being developed use in In particular, due adequate electrode–electrolyte interaction rapid charge transportation, hierarchical porous (HP) were reported having high specific capacity, current density, stability. HPTi-based SIBs be automobiles portable, flexible, wearable electronic devices. review addresses recent developments HPTiO2-based their preparation, properties, performance, challenges.